Philippines

Volcanoes North of Luzon

 

Mount Iraya

Iraya is an active stratovolcano on Batan Island, 200 km north of Luzon, Philippines. It is the northernmost active volcano in the Philippines. Its last eruption probably happened in 1454 AD, but little details are known about this eruption. 
It seems that Iraya volcano's eruptions were exclusively explosive, forming many pyroclastic flows. There are no lava flows. 
In 1998, an earthquake swarm occurred beneath the volcano.

Background:

The morphologically young Iraya volcano is the most prominent feature of the 20-km-long Batan island. It has a 1.5-km-wide summit crater largely filled by a younger cone that forms the present-day summit. 2 older volcanoes form the rest of Batan Island: 
Mahatao volcano is the oldest and was active until the late Miocene (ca. 5 million years ago), and forms the center of Batan Island. Matarem volcano in the south was active until about 2 million years ago (early Pleistocene). 
Iraya belongs to the Babuyan Segment, the least evolved of 4 segments of the Luzon volcanic arc. It has developed on the western part of the Philippine plate, where the South China oceanic and Eurasian plates are being subducted along the Manila Trench. 
There are three volcanoes on Batan Island. Iraya volcano is located in the north of the island and has been active since Late Pleistocene. 

 

Babuyan Claro Volcano

Babuyan Claro (Mt. Pangasun) is the largest and second youngest of 5 volcanoes that built up Babuyan Island, 100 km off the north coast of Luzon, Philippines. Babuyan Claro is an active stratovolcano of ca. 7 cubic km volume and has 2 summit craters of 300 and 400 m in diameter. 
Smith volcano (Mt. Babuyan) 4 km to the NW of Babuyan Claro is the youngest volcano on the island and forms a beautiful 668 m high symmetrical basaltic-andesite cinder cone with ca. 3 cubic km volume. 
Both Babuyan Claro and Smith volcanoes have apparently been active in historical time, although it is not always certain which volcano erupted. Eruptions at Babuyan Claro are typically strombolian and/or phreatomagmatic. 
The Askedna Hot Spring is located at the southern base of Babuyan Claro.

Background:

The oldest volcanoes (Cayonan, Naydi, and Dionisio) started to form 1.7 million years ago and consist mainly of calc-alkaline andesitic and basaltic andesitic lava flows. 

1980 landslide
Hot mudflows were triggered by a landslide 600 m above sea level on the NW flank of Babuyan Claro volcano in early February 1980. The mudflows (lahars) damaged rice fields and roads, and forced the evacuation of nearby residents.

 

 

Didicas Volcano

Didicas volcano is a small volcanic island 22 km NE of Camiguin Island, 60 km off the northern coast of Luzon, Philippines. 
Until 1952, it was a submarine volcano that had previously formed temporary islands during eruptions. In the eruption of 1952 the submarine volcano formed a new lava dome that surfaced above sea level and has become now a permanent new island.

Background:

Didicas volcano now consists of a small, 244-m-high andesitic lava dome about 1.4 km in its longest diameter. A 400-m-wide crater was formed during the 1952 eruption. The first recorded submarine eruption of Didicas occurred in 1773. In an eruption in 1860, Didicas also built a new island, the first recorded cone of Didicas breaching the sea surface. It reached a height of 213 m in 1860, when the eruption ended, but it was soon eroded beneath the sea, because it mainly consisted of loose tephra. 3 rock masses up to 82 m high were left after an eruption in 1900. 2 more eruptions occurred since 1952 at an explosion crater on the northern side of the island.

1969 eruption of Didicas
A new 20 m wide crater formed on the N side of the island and was observed for the first time on 27 March 1969 during a reconnaissance flight. The crater measuring was filled with muddy boiling water, the northern half of the island was covered by thick whitish-gray ash and the sea water in front of the crater was discolored. 
3 people who were fishing near the coast of Didicas Island drowned when a volcanic tsunami generated by the eruption "swollowed" them. 

1952 eruption: a new island is formed
Didicas was a submarine volcano until 1952, when an eruption formed a new island, that resisted erosion afterwards. It now measures up to 1.4 km in diameter and rises about 250 m above sea level. 
A US pilot on a reconnaissance flight who observed the Didicas' eruption compared it to the similar submarine eruption in 1956 between the islands of Oahu and Kauai in Hawaii he and others had observed.

 

 

Camiguin de Babuyanes Volcano

Camiguin de Babuyanes volcano is a small stratovolcano on the SW tip of the 22 km long Camiguin Island in the Babuyan archipelago, 35 km off the north tip of Luzon Island. 
Note: A volcanic island called Camiguin is located off the north coast of Mindanao Island.

Background:

The andesitic Camiguin volcano is forested and has 2 prominent flank cones relatively far from the main summit vent, Minabul to the north and Caanoan to the east, both on the northern part of the island. 
The southern part of Camiguin Island has 3 volcanic centers aligned SSE-NNW, Mount Camiguin stratovolcano itself and the young andesitic lava domes of Mt. Malabsing and Pamoctan. 
A phreatic eruption, possibly in part submarine, happened around 1857. At present, there are fumaroles on the SW, W and E flanks of the volcano and a hot boiling water spring near sea level on the W flank. 

 

Volcanoes on Luzon Island

 

Bulusan Volcano

Bulusan, one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines, is Luzon's southernmost volcano. It lies at the SE end of the Bicol volcanic arc occupying the peninsula of the same name that forms the elongated SE tip of Luzon island.

Background:

Bulusan is a young andesitic volcano built upon the NE rim of an older dacitic-to-rhyolitic caldera, the 11-km wide Irosin caldera, which was formed about 35,000-40,000 years ago. 
Bulusan is flanked by several other large intracaldera lava domes and cones, including the prominent Mount Jormajan lava dome on the SW flank and Sharp Peak to the NE. The summit of 1565-m-high Bulusan volcano is unvegetated and contains a 300-m-wide, 50-m-deep crater. Three small craters are located on the SE flank. 
Many moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded at Bulusan since the mid-19th century. 

 

 

Pocdol Mountains

The volcanic Pocdol Mountains (also known as Bacon-Manito complex) are a group of volcanic cones between Saragon Bay and Albay Gulf in southern Luzon. 
Some of the cones are probably only a few thousands of years old. A fumarole field and a geyser are found in the area, suggesting it might be still volcanically active.

Background:

The dominantly andesitic Pocdol Mountains form a triangle-shaped area of ca 225 sq km size. The domes and cones in the western part of the complex are old and eroded, but those in the eastern part appear to be much younger. 

 

 

Malindig Volcano

Malindig volcano (also known as Marlanga), is an andesitic stratovolcano at the southern tip of Marinduque Island, west of the Bondoc Peninsula on Luzon Island, Philippines. 
The summit has sharp peaks. No recent eruptions have occurred at the volcano. Hot springs are active at its western base. 

 

 

Mount Iriga

Mount Iriga volcano is a small stratovolcano immediately SW of Lake Buhi in southern Luzon, Philippines. 
The volcano is dominantly andesitic in composition, but has several basaltic flank cones. It has a large crater breached to the SE, which formed during a massive flank failure that produced a large debris avalanche which buried several villages and formed a hilly, irregular deposit on the plain south of Lake Buhi 4 km from the summit.

Background:

Iriga is part of the Bicol volcanic arc which comprises at least 12 volcanic vents and complexes and is one of the 3 historically active, but the least active centers of the arc (the other 2 being Mayon and Bulusan). Iriga has only 2 known recorded eruptions in historic times. 
The catastrophic debris avalanche of Iriga volcano had been believed to have occurred during the 1628 AD eruption, but later work has now shown that the collapse and eruption occurred earlier at some unknown date in the past few thousands years. The avalanche was followed by phreatic explosions that created a small crater at the base of the scarp. 
Lake Buhi is a large shallow lake of 18 km2 surface near Iriga volcano and lies in the valley formed by the 2 older Mt. Asog and Mt. Malinao volcanoes. . It has an average depth of 8 meters. It has probably been crated by the an earthquake in 1641, when a portion of Mt. Asog collapsed to form a natural dam. 
The lake is famous as one of the few lakes that contains the sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis) which is the world's smallest commercially-harvested fish. 

 

 

Isarog Volcano

Isarog volcano is an andesitic stratovolcano of Naga city, in SE Luzon, Philippines. It is part of the Bicol volcanic chain, and could still be active although no historic eruptions are known. The volcano has active fumaroles, steam vents and hot springs.

Background:

Isarog volcano forms the broad isthmus between Lagonoy Gulf and San Miguel Bay. The volcano is truncated by a 2.5-km-wide crater breached to the east where is drained by the narrow gorge of the Quinarag River. 

1915-16 earthquakes & seismic unrest
On 8 November, 1915, frequent earthquakes were felt on and around Isarog volcano, with some occasional noises. Landslides occurred on the slopes of Isarog volcano. The seismic swarm repeated itself 2 or 3 times at long 
intervals until 10 January, 1916. The volcano was thickly wooded, even inside of the crater, and nobody observed any fumaroles. 

 

 

Panay Volcano

Mount Panay is small andesitic stratovolcano on the Calumpang Peninsula west of the Batangas Bay, south of Lake Taal, Luzon Island, Philippines. 
Panay may be extinct with its last eruptions being more than 10,000 years ago, but it still has strong solfataric activity.

Background:

Batangas Bay lies at the intersection of 2 major regional trends, the Bataan Lineament and the Palawan-Macolod Lineament, and may represent a submarine caldera. 

 

 

Taal Volcano

Taal volcano with its lake-filled 15x20 km wide Talisay (Taal) caldera is a beautiful caldera volcano, but also one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. Taal has had some of the country's largest and deadliest eruptions: At least 6 eruptions during the recorded history of Taal since 1572 claimed fatalities, mostly from powerful pyroclastic flows, as well as tsunamis produced in the crater lake.

Background:

The Taal caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 sq km surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, and contains several eruptive centers submerged beneath the lake. All historic eruptions took place from the 5-km-wide volcanic island in the northern-central part of the lake. 
The island is formed by overlapping stratovolcanoes, cinder cones and tuff rings (maars). Historic eruptions have seen the constant change and growth of the island. 
Taal caused one of the worst volcano disasters in history: its eruption in 1911 killed 1334 people and caused ash fall as far as Manila city. Due to its devastating potential, Taal was declared one of the "Decade Volcanoes" in the Decade Volcanoes program of the 1990s in order to incentive study and monitoring of the volcano. Taal is today one of the most closely monitored volcanoes in the region. An increase in seismic activity under Taal was recorded in November 2006, followed by an increase in hot water springs in the crater in April 2007..

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Mount Labo

Mount Labo volcano is located SW of the city of Daet at the northwestern end of the Bicol Volcanic Arc on Luzon Island, Philippines. 
It is a forested, andesitic stratovolcano with a basal diameter of 24 km. Labo last erupted about 27,000 years ago, but still shows geothermal activity, in the form of warm and hot springs. There is geothermal exploration near Labo volcano.

Background:

The Labo stratovolcano has erupted many andesitic-to-dacitic flank lava domes. Its earliest eruptions date back 580,000 years ago and constructed lava domes on the northern side of the complex. The present stratovolcano started to be built about 270,000 years ago. The latest known activity occurred 27,000 years ago and produced pyroclastic flows from the summit vent.

 

 

Banahaw Volcano

Banahaw volcano is a complex of 3 volcanoes 80 km SE of Manila, Philippines. The Banahaw volcanic complex includes Mt Banahaw (2158 m), San Cristobal (1470 m), and Banhao de Lucban (1870 m) volcanoes. 
Mild explosive eruptions might still occur at the Banahaw volcano complex, although none of the reports of historic activity can be verified by deposits or credited sources.

Background:

Banahaw has a 2-km-wide, 600-m-deep summit crater open to the SSW and contained a crater lake until 1730, when it drained to form mudflows. Similar events took place in 1743?, 1843 and 1909. 
A large collapse of the NE flank of Banahaw produced a debris avalanche deposit with a volume of 5 cubic km. The event lest a 8 km wide and more than 1 km deep horse-shoe shaped depression extending from 1700 m to 650 m altitude. 
The oldest deposits from Banahaw volcano are known as the Lucena pyroclastic flow deposits, visible on the shore at Tayabas Bay near Lucerna City and at the eastern base of Banhao de Lucban stratovolcano. 
Banhao de Lucban is the youngest stratovolcano of the group. It forms a steep cone on the eastern flank of Banahaw volcano, and overlies the debris avalanche of Banahaw volcano, and therefore is younger than that event.
San Cristobal stratovolcano lies on the western flank of Banahaw volcano. It has a youthful shape indicating a younger age than Banahaw. The absence of soil covering the youngest volcanic layer of San Cristobal ("San Cristobal 3 unit") suggest that it might be younger than 2000 years. 

 

 

San Pablo Volcano

The San Pablo volcanic field, (also known as the Laguna volcanic field) in Rizal Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, lies at the southern end of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake on Luzon Island.

Background:

The San Pablo volcanic field contains dozens of scoria cones and maars. 3 generations of maars are present: the oldest are shallow and filled with sediment and the youngest still contain deep crater lakes. 
Most of the vents in the volcanic field follow a NE-SW trend. According to local legends, the youngest explosion crater, the 1.2-km-wide Sampaloc Lake, was formed only about 500-700 years ago. 
The highest point of the volcanic field is formed by the eroded Maquiling (Makiling) andesitic-to-rhyolitic stratovolcano. Maquiling still has a 480 m deep crater and several parasitic cones, maars. Many fumarole fields are found at its northern base and a geothermal project is located on the south flank of Maquiling volcano. 
Laguna de Bay lake borders the town of Manila at its SE margin. The lake is a caldera that erupted ca. 47,000 year ago (radiocarbon dating of charcoal in a ash flow deposit). 

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Makiling Volcano

Makiling volcano is a small perhaps still active stratovolcano in Laguna Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, on the southern shore of Laguna de Bay close to Manila city. Hot springs are located near Makiling at Los Baños town. 

 

 

Laguna Volcano

The elliptical, 10 x 20 km wide caldera of Laguna de Bay is located immediately SE of Manila city, Philippines. It is the largest lake on Luzon Island and its surface is only 1 m above sea level. 
Jalajala is a fumarole field on the flank of Mount Sembrano on the shore of Laguna de Bay.

Background:

Pre-caldera eruptions formed basaltic to basaltic-andesitic volcanoes, including the extinct Talim Island and Mount Sembrano stratovolcanoes located on opposite sides of the current caldera. 
The caldera has formed during at least 2 major explosive eruptions about 1 million and 27,000-29,000 years ago. 
Activity after the caldera formation consisted in the formation of explosion craters on the southern end of the Talim Island at the SW rim of the caldera. Some of these maars are young, but their precise ago is unknown. 
(Source: GVP volcano information)

 

 

Mariveles Volcano

The small, but voluminous Mariveles stratovolcano is located at the southern end of the Bataan Peninsula, on the west side of Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines. 
Although there are no known eruptions in historic times, it is a still active stratovolcano of andesitic composition. It has a 4-km-wide caldera open to the south. Mount Slamet on the north and Mount Limay on the east are 2 large, young flank cones.

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Natib Volcano

Natib is a massive andesitic stratovolcano located at the northern end of the Bataan Peninsula, Luzon Island, Philippines.
It is truncated by a 6 x 7 km wide caldera. The age of its last activity is uncertain and the volcano might still be active. 5 thermal areas are present in the summit region.

 

 

 

Mount Pinatubo

Pinatubo volcano exploded spectacularly on 15 June 1991. The Pinatubo eruption on 15 June 1991 was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. 
Pinatubo is a complex of lava domes located 100 km NW of Manila city, Luzon Island, Philippines. 
Prior to the eruption, Pinatubo was a little known volcano and it had been dormant for 400 years. There were no known historic eruptions. Before the eruption in 1991 Pinatubo was 1745 m high (ca. 250 m more than now), and was only 200 m higher than the nearby peaks, which are remnants of older volcanic edifices of Mt Pinatubo and hid it from views from distance. Pinatubo mostly noted for a failed geothermal development project. 
Eruptions of Mount Pinatubo 
Pinatubo has had at least 6 periods of activity with large explosive eruptions in its past 35,000 years prior to the 1991 eruption. The 1991 eruption in this context actually ranks as one of the smaller eruptions. An eruption, which occurred 35,000 years ago and probably created the caldera, was likely much bigger.

Background:

Geology of Mt Pinatubo volcanoRegional setting: Pinatubo is flanked to the west and probably underlain by by the Zambales Ophiolite Complex, an easterly-dipping section of Eocene oceanic crust which was uplifted in the late Oligocene. The second unit are sediments of the Tarlac Formation, mostly sandstone and siltstone in the older parts, and conglomerates and volcanic sediments and dikes in the younger. The Tarlac formation is found in the north, east and southeast of Pinatubo and formed contemporary with the oldest known volcanic centers in the area, including Mount Mataba or the diorite of the Dizon Mine, the sub-surface remnant of an ancient vent. The ancient volcanoes of the Tarlac Formation originated from the same east-dipping subduction along the Manila trench that continues to the present. Ancient Pinatubo: Pinatubo was formed in 2 stages. The ancestral Pinatubo started to form about 1 million years ago, and built an andesite - dacite stratovolcano whose center was at the same location as today. Remnants of this precessor are seen in the ancient 3.5x4.5 wide caldera. Ancient Pinatubo had a number of flank vents, that formed the domes of Mount Negron, Mount Cuadrado, Mataba, Bituin plug, and the volcanic plug of Tapungho. Deep erosion in the Sacobia, Porac, Marimla, and Porac River valleys, and weathering of the lavas suggests that activity of the ancestral volcano ended several tens of thousands of years (or more) before the caldera-forming eruption and initial growth of the modern Pinatubo (ca. 35,000 years ago). Modern Pinataubo: After the 1991 eruption, scientists (mainly from PHILVOLCS & USGS) carried out intensive fieldwork on the deposits of present-day Pinatubo to analyze its eruptive history. They distinguished at least 6 eruptive periods of modern Pinatubo, characterized by repeated, large explosive eruptions: Inararo Eruptive Period -- >35,000 14C yr B.P. The largest eruption in the history of modern Pinatubo occurred 35,000 (radiocarbon) years ago. It deposited up to 100 m or more of pumice and ash flows on all sides of Mount Pinatubo. Sacobia Eruptive Period -- ~17,000 yr B.P. A phase of explosive eruptions occurred 17,000 years ago and produced 2 debris flow deposits which are visible on the north bank of the Sacobia River. Pasbul Eruptive Period -- ~9,000 yr B.P. A large explosive eruption occurred ca. 9000 years ago. It produced pyroclastic-flow and tephra-fall layers exposed along the road between Sitio Pasbul, Camias, Porac, and the Gumain River. The pyroclastic flows overtopped the southeastern rim of the Tayawan caldera and nearly or completely filled the valley of the Gumain River. Crow Valley Eruptive Period -- ~6,000-5,000 yr B.P. Large eruptions 6,000-5,000 years ago produced pyroclastic flow deposits on both sides of upper Crow valley. Maraunot Eruptive Period -- ~3,900(?)-2,300 yr B.P. Eruptions in this period produced pyroclastic flows and lahars. Buag Eruptive Period -- ca. 1450 AD The last activity cycle prior to the 1991 eruption was in 1450 ± 50 AD. It produced pyroclastic flows that entered all valley of Pinatubo except the Gumain and Porac rivers. 

 

 

Mount Arayat

Arayat is a forested stratovolcano above the flat Central Plain of Luzon Island and located NE of Angeles city, Philippines. It belongs to the Eastern Volcanic Chain, which includes Mounts Balungao, Cuyapo, Amorong and Arayat volcanoes. 
Mt. Arayat's cone is probably built upon an older crater of 900 m diameter, whose remnants form the northern (1026 m) and southern (920 m) peaks. 
There are no known eruptions in historic times, but weak fumarolic activity is present on the NW summit of Arayat volcano.

Background:

A large breached crater on the WNW side was formed by a large debris avalanche that occurred within the past 500,000 years and left a large hummocky deposit in the plain at the W and NW feet the volcano. 
Post-collapse volcanic activity formed the White Rock andesitic lava dome inside the collapse scar. 

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Amorong Volcano

Amorong volcano a small lava dome in NW Luzon Island, 80 km NNE of Pinatubo volcano, and belongs to the Eastern Volcanic Chain or Balungao Group, a chain of subduction volcanoes behind the Manila Trench.
It is the only of a group of several lava domes that still has fumarolic activity. It was active from about 740,000 years ago.

Background:

The chemistry of Amorang's lavas is unusual in that is has elevated Niobium (Nb) and high Cr, Ni and Mg concentrations which can not be explained by qan unusual degree of mantle melting alone, and probably involve contamination by crustal rocks as well. 

 

 

 

Santo Tomas Volcano

Santo Tomas volcano on Luzon Island, Philippines, is one of the highest stratovolcanoes of the country. It has many volcanic vents and fissures.
A report about an eruption or "displacement" in the region on January 4, 1641, described as an outburst of water accompanied by an earthquake, probably is related to the major eruption of Parker volcano in southern Mindanao on the same day. 
Note: another volcano with the same name exists in Guatemala.

 

 

Mount Patoc

Mount Patoc is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Cordillera Central of north-central Luzon, Philippines. It has strong fumarolic activity. A small river and a village on the west side are named "Mainit", which means hot. 

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Binuluan Volcano

Binuluan volcano belongs to the Ambalatungan volcanic group and is located in the Kalinga Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. 
A possible steam eruption of Binuluan volcano in 1952 killed 12 people by a sulphur rich debris flow. 

 

 

Ambalatungan Volcano

The Ambalatungan group is a cluster of several volcanoes on northern Luzon Island, Philippines, conprising Ambalatungan, Bumabag, Podakan, and Binuluan volcanoes, aligned roughly E-W. 
Ambalatungan volcano is dacitic in composition, and has a steep-walled crater, inside which there are hot springs and strong fumarole vents which produce loud noises and have sulphur deposits. 
Bumabag volcano is located only 3 km east of Ambalatungan and has 2 craters that also produce strong fumarolic activity. 
Podakan volcano is 1 km SE of Bumabag and also has a large steam vent. 
A possible steam eruption might have occurred from Mount Binuluan in 1952, which killed 12 people by a sulfur-rich debris flow. 

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Cagua Volcano

Cagua is an active stratovolcano at the NE tip of northern Luzon Island, Philippines. It has a circular summit crater of 1.5 km diameter, with steep, 60-m-high walls, and is locally known as the "Fire Mountain". The volcano might have erupted in 1907, when strong fumarole activity was noted. A phreatic explosion in 1860 may have generated pyroclastic flows. 
At present, there are thermal areas near the summit crater and on the NW and NNE flanks.

Background:

Mount Cagua volcano belongs to the Babuya segment where it is part of a N-S line of the active volcanoes, east of the older, now extinct volcanic range of Northern Luzon. 
The lavas of Cagua are basaltic and andesitic in composition and belong to the calcalkaline series. 
The volcano has been formed in 3 phases: 
1) Effusive eruptions feeding basaltic-andesite and basaltic lava flows between 1.5 and 1.2 Million years ago. 
2) Explosive eruptions with thick andesitic pyroclastic flows in the interval from 600,000 - 300,000 years ago. These deposits covered the entire volcano. 
3) Recent phreatomagmatic activity producing ash flows. 

 

 

Volcanoes Central Philippines

 

 

Biliran Volcano

Biliran volcano comprises the whole 20x35 km Island of Biliran which is formed by a group of lava domes. It is located across the narrow Biliran Strait from the northern tip of Leyte Island. 
Biliran volcano is at the northern end of a 170 km long volcanic chain extending SSE to Panaon Island. 
The only known historic activity took place on 26 September 1939 and consisted of a phreatic explosion accompanied possibly by a debris avalanche. Ash fell in Caibiran town 12 km to the E. 
There are many fumarole fields, hot springs, mud pools and thermal areas on Biliran.

 

Cancanajag Volcano

Cancanajag volcano is a complex of lava domes located 6.5 km NNW of Lobi volcano on Leyte Island, Philippines.

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Mahagnao Volcano

Mahagnao volcano (also known as Kasiboi or Casiboi) is a forested andesitic stratovolcano in central Leyte Island, Philippines.
The volcano contains a steep-walled forested summit crater open to the south. Malagsom and Danao are 2 lakes located on the south flank. Malagsom Lake is an acidic crater lake with green color. Danao Lake is a freshwater lake with an irregular shoreline and hot springs on its southern side.

 

 

Silay Volcano

Silay volcano is the northernmost volcano on Negros Island lies 28 km east of Silay City. It is a basaltic-andesite stratovolcano with a partially breached, 3.5-km-wide summit caldera. 
It is unknown when the last eruptions occurred at Silay volcano. The Malisbog solfatara field has fumarolic activity and extensive sulfur deposits.

 

 

Mandalagan Volcano

Mandalagan volcano in northern Negros Island, Central Philippines, is an eroded dominantly andesitic-dacitic volcanic complex. It is formed by 7 volcanic edifices and has at least 5 craters of up to 2 km in diameter, some of which are probably calderas. The age of its last eruptions, which produced a thin basalt lava flow, is unknown. 
Mandalagan has very active fumaroles in at least 11 locations. 
One fumarole field is particularly powerful. It emits a high-temperature (106 degrees C) plume to 30 m height accompanied by a roaring noise like a high-pressure geothermal borehole. 
Mandalagan volcano is part of the northern Negros volcanic arc which also contains Mt Silay (1534 m), Mt Kanlaon (2465 m). Mt Mandalagan volcanoes. 

 

 

Canlaon Volcano

Canlaon volcano (also spelled Kanlaon) on Negros Island is one of the most active volcanoes of the Philippines and the most active one of the Central Philippines. It forms the highest peak of Negros Island and is located west of Canlaon about 36 km southeast of Bacolod City and belongs to Canlaon National Park.

Background:

Canlaon, part of the Negros Volcanic Belt, is a large stratovolcano dotted with numerous flank cones and craters, many of which contain lakes. The summit of Kanlaon contains a 2-km-wide, elongated caldera with two craters. One is inactive and contains a crater lake. The second crater to the south is smaller, higher and contains the historically active vent, Lugud crater. Lugud crater is 250 m wide and 150-200 m deep. The base of Kanlaon measures an area of 30 km x 14 km. Historical eruptions from Kanlaon have been recorded since 1866. Most historic eruptions were small to medium sized phreatic explosions, causing minor ash fall near the volcano. Canlaon's geologic record of past deposits include a remarkable large debris avalanche, that resulted from flank failure of the volcano and traveled 33 km to the SW. 

2009 earthquakes
A large increase in volcanic earthquakes occurred at Kanlaon volcano, Philippines, in late August 2009. Between 23 August and 1 September, 257 earthquakes were recorded, much more than normal levels of 0-4 tremors per day. 
2 earthquakes were felt by residents living near Canlaon. At 17:26 PM on 23 August an earthquake was felt at Intensity II in Barangay Ara-al, La Carlota City. A second earthquake at 22:27 PM on 30 August 30 was felt at Intensity III in La Castellana and at Intensity IV in La Carlotta City and Bago City. 
The epicenters of the earthquakes were concentrated at the NW slope of the volcano and probably indicated the reactivation of a local fault, perhaps caused by deep magma movements under the surface. No other changes of the volcano were observed and the alert status was not raised by Philippine authorities. 

 

 

Mount Cabalian

Mount Cabalían volcano is located on the SE tip of Leyte Island, Philippines. It is is an andesitic stratovolcano with steep radial erosion valleys and ridges that are moderately to thickly vegetated. 
It contains a summit crater filled by a lake. The crater rim is irregular and forms 2 peaks on the S side. A recent pyroclastic flow deposit was radiocarbon dated to be only about 150 years old. Hot springs with temperatures of up to 64 deg C are found on the east and west flanks of Cabalían. 

 

 

Cuernos de Negros (Magaso) Volcano

Cuernos de Negros (also known as Magaso) is a large stratovolcano complex located in SE Negros Island, Philippines, near the city of Dumaguete. It is unknown when it has erupted after since the last radiocarbon-dated activity about 14,000 years ago. At present, it still has active fumaroles at the highest crater of Magaso, sulphuric springs at the ESE flanks and hot springs on the NE flank. 
An increase in fumarolic activity was observed after (and probably triggered by) a major tectonic earthquake in 1902. 
The Palinpinon geothermal field is located south of the Okoy River on the north side of the volcano.

Background:

The andesitic to dacitic to Cuernos de Negros volcano forms most of the SE tip of Negros Island. The eastern side of the complex consists of 2 overlapping stratovolcanoes and a lava dome. There are 2 crater lakes up to 1.5 km in diameter. The lower western part of the complex contains 4 volcanic centers. 
Negros Island is situated in a back-arc basin where regional extension causes volcanism.

 

 

Volcano on Sulu Islands

 

 

Jolo Volcano

Jolo volcano is a group of young cinder cones and explosion craters on the 60-km-wide Jolo Island located off the Zamboanga Peninsula on SW Mindanao Island in the southern Philippines 190 km NE of Sabah, Malaysia. 
It is part of the Sulu arc and contains several young volcanic vents, including Mt. Dakula near Lake Panamo, the probably youngest cone of the island, Tumatangus volcano, at 811 m the highest point of the island, Bud Dajo (or Buddajo), a young basaltic cinder cone (620 m), and the cones of Matanding, Guimba, and Sungal. 
Although not much sign of activity was detected during a survey in 1990, the last volcanic activity probably took place as recently as in 1897, when a submarine eruption accompanied by a tsunami was reported on 21 September. This activity most likely took place al Lake Seit, where a still active solfatara is found. 
Hot springs also occur at the craters on Cagayan Sulu. 
A reported eruption in 1641 most likely was the eruption of Parker volcano on Mindanao instead.

Background:

Geology of Jolo Island 
Jolo belongs to the Zamboanga Arc formed by the SE subduction of the young Sulu oceanic basin beneath the Zamboanga peninsula. The compositions of its lavas can be roughly divided into 2 groups, primitive Nb-enriched tholeitic basalts and more evolved calc-alkaline basalt-andesites. Some of the primitive basalts are unusually rich in titanium.